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Glazes may be applied by dipping, spraying, or vapourising, the first two being done before the fire, the last during it. Vapour glazing includes the reduction colours obtained by controlling the atmosphere of the kiln, the smeared ware fired in a plumbiferous atmosphere, and, chief of all, salt-glazing. SALT-GLAZE was formerly thought, by Church for example (Cantor Lectures, 1881), to have a definite formula, Na 2 0, 7Si0 2 ; but Barringer showed (1902) that the com- position of salt-glaze depends on that of the body behind it. To take a good salt-glaze a body should be silicious. Langenbeck says that the best alumina-silica ratio is 1 : 8. Barringer finds that these limits may be widened to 1:4.6-12.5, but anything more silicious than 1:9 is impracticable for reasons of plasticity and strength. CERAMIC CHEMISTRY. 49 Soluble salts may be present in a body up to 3 per cent, without interfering with a good glaze. The process of salting is endo thermic, and the tem- perature of the kiln rapidly drops. To prevent chilling, salting is either done in two or three stages about half an hour apart, or else resin and crude oil are mixed with the salt. CLEAR GLAZES, beside salt, include those for china, earthenware, stoneware and Bristol. Hard porcelain glaze is merely felspar or pegmatite lime spar in the case of Berlin fired to such a temperature that glaze and body